Projects Representations of the Past. The Writing of National Histories in Europe Description: "The project will bring together the histories of Western and Eastern Europe in a concerted attempt to bridge the historiographical divide fostered by the Cold War division of the continent. Methodologically, the project unites cultural transfer and comparative approaches, which are the most appropriate means for exploring the complex relationship between national historiographies and national historical cultures in Europe. The last decade has witnessed an acceleration of projects involving comparative and cultural transfer approaches. Now is the time to bring those diverse attempts together in a Europe-wide research programme.” URL: http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~zhsesf/index.htm Editor: [Programme Chair] Stefan Berger stefan.berger@manchester.ac.edu Distributor: Universität Leipzig, DE http://www.uni-leipzig.de Das Europa der Diktatur - Wirtschaftskontrolle und Recht / Europe under Dictatorship - Economic Control and Law Description: "The short twentieth century (E. Hobsbawm), which began with the outbreak of the First World War and ended in the nineties with the disintegration of the Soviet Union and its power block, brought about in Europe (much more than in North America) a fundamental breach with the economic and value system of individualistic liberalism, both as it had been conceived at a theoretical level and as it was anchored in social reality, albeit with results which differed from country to country. In view of a widely held conviction of the injustice of the economically liberal model of society, a broadly based opposition already existed at the end of the 19th century. The spectrum of this opposition ranged from a reactionary, socio-romantic idealisation of the old pre-industrial society, to radical conceptions of modern industrial solidarity. The common denominator of this heterogeneous rejection of economic liberalism, apart from a general search for a post-individual, anti-capitalistic value system, can be isolated in the objective of setting the politics of "intervention", "control", "command", "organisation" and "planning" at the very centre of society and thus of abolishing the self-dynamic of an "unjust" and "irresponsible" economic system." URL: http://www.europa-der-diktatur.de/ Editor: [Coordination] Bender, Gerd bender@mpier.uni-frankfurt.de; Kiesow, Rainer Maria kiesow@mpier.uni-frankfurt.de Distributor: Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte: Frankfurt am Main, DE http://www.mpier.uni-frankfurt.de/

Archives Historical Archives of the European Union Description: The Historical Archives of the European Union, administered by the European University Institute, Florence, has the mission of acquiring, conserving and making available to the public the archives, which are over thirty years old, emanating from the European Community Institutions for Coal and Steel, the Common Market and Euratom (High Authority and European Commission, Council of Ministers, European Parliament, Economic and Social Committee and Court of Auditors). URL: http://www.iue.it/ECArchives/ Editor: Historical Archives of the European Union: Florenz, IT Distributor: European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) http://www.iue.it/   Open Society Archives Description: The mission of the Open Society Archives at Central European University (OSA) is to obtain, preserve and make available research resources for the study of Communism and the Cold War, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the issues of human rights, support the goals of Central European University by identifying, collecting, preserving and making available university records and personal papers of enduring value from its administrators, faculty, and students for the use of university staff, students, scholars and the general public, support and facilitate the philanthropic goals of the Soros foundations network, especially by providing information, records management and archival services for all its entities. The Open Society Archives' holdings comprise of approximately 3,000 linear meters of records. URL: http://www.osa.ceu.hu/ Distributor: Central European University, Open Society Archives: Budapest, HU

Journals Central European History Description: Central European History offers articles, review essays, and book reviews that range widely through the history of Germany, Austria, and other German-speaking regions of Central Europe from the medieval era to the present. All topics and approaches to history are welcome, whether cultural, social, political, diplomatic, intellectual, economic, and military history, as well as historiography and methodology. Contributions that treat new fields, such as post-1945 and post-1989 history, maturing fields such as gender history, and less-represented fields such as medieval history and the history of the Habsburg lands are especially desired. The journal thus aims to be the primary venue for scholarly exchange and debate among scholars of the history of Central Europe. URL: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=CCC Editor: [Editor-in-chief] Kenneth Ledford, centraleuropeanhistory@case.edu Distribution: Conference Group for Central European History at the American Historical Association   Contemporary European History Description: Contemporary European History is an important journal focusing on twentieth-century European history in its broadest sense. The journal encompasses Eastern and Western Europe, including the United Kingdom, and covers the period from 1918 to the present. By combining a wide geographical compass with a relatively short time span, the journal achieves both range and depth in its coverage. It is open to all forms of inquiry into 20th century Europe - including cultural, economic, international, political and social history - and welcomes comparative approaches. The journal regularly features contributions from scholars outside the Anglophone community and acts as a channel of communication between European historians throughout the continent and beyond it. URL: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=CEH Editor: Mary Vincent, Jonathan Morris, Patricia Clavin, ceh@sheffield.ac.uk   European History Quarterly Description: European History Quarterly has earned an international reputation as an essential resource on European history, publishing articles by eminent historians on a range of subjects from the later Middle Ages to post-1945.The journal also features review articles by leading authorities, offering a comprehensive survey of recent literature in a particular field, as well as an extensive book review section, enabling you to keep up to date with what is being published in your field. The journal also features historiographical essays. URL: http://ehq.sagepub.com/ Editor: Lucy Riall, ehq.his@uea.ac.uk Distribution: School of History, University of East Anglia: Norwich, UK, http://www.uea.ac.uk/his/   European Review Description: The European Review is a unique interdisciplinary international journal covering a wide range of subjects. It has a strong emphasis on Europe and on economics, history, social science, and general aspects of the sciences. At least two issues each year are devoted mainly or entirely to a single subject and deal in depth with a topic of contemporary importance in Europe; the other issues cover a wide range of subjects but may include a mini-review. Past issues dealt with China, tradition and modernity; Risk; Science and global communication; Who owns the Human Genome; Clash of civilisations; From decolonisation to post-colonialism; The future of the welfare state; Japan and Europe; Eurocentrism; Human rights; Democracy; Democracy in the 21st century; Using the Web in the democratic process; Making labour history interesting; False confessions after repeated interrogation; Living in real and virtual worlds. URL: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ERW Editors: Arnold Burgen, Henk Wesseling, asvb@cam.ac.uk   European Review of Economic History Description: European Review of Economic History provides an important new source of insight into European economic history, which is accessible to readers from a variety of different backgrounds. The objective is to further research, scholarship, and understanding of economic structure, change, and economic development in Europe since early modern times. Contributions shed new light on existing debates, raise new or neglected topics and provide new perspectives from comparative research. The Review includes full-length articles, shorter articles, notes and comments, debates, survey articles, and review articles. It also publishes notes and announcements from the European Historical Economics Society. URL: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ERE Editors: Giovanni Federico, Albrecht Ritschl, Kevin H. O’Rourke, EREH@wiwi.hu-berlin.de   European Review of History / Revue Européene d’Histoire Description: The European Review of History - Revue Européenne d’Histoire is an international journal covering European history of all centuries and subdisciplines. It aims to create a forum for ideas from across Europe, to encourage the most innovatory research, to make diverse historiographies better known and to practically assist exchanges between young historians. URL: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/13507486.asp Editors: Jean-Marc Dreyfus, Thierry Grosbois, László Kontler, Benedikt Stuchtey, Bertrand Taithe, bertrand.taithe@man.ac.uk Distribution: European Association of Young Historians/Association des Jeunes Historiens   Eurozine - the netmagazine Description: Eurozine is an independent network of and portal for European cultural journals and a multilingual magazine of its own. Eurozine links and promotes the leading cultural magazines from all over Europe; drawing on this network it publishes contemporary essays and literary texts on its website. By providing a Europe-wide overview of current themes and discussions, as published in the cultural journals involved in the project, Eurozine facilitates communication and exchange between the journals themselves and offers a rich source of information for an international readership. By presenting the best articles from its partners and their countries, as well as original texts on the most pressing issues of our times, Eurozine opens up a new space for transnational debate. URL: http://www.eurozine.com/ Editor: [Chief editor] Fredriksson, Carl Henrik, ch.frederiksson@eurozine.com Distribution: Eurozine - the netmagazine: Wien, AT, http://www.eurozine.com   Forum für osteuropäische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte Description: "Forum für osteuropäische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte" is a research journal devoted to the history of the communist era in Central and Eastern Europe. "Forum" aims to bridge the gap between Eastern and Western scientific communities. In order to do so, publish documents and articles from central and Eastern European scientists, especially concerning new findings from the archives in Prague, Budapest, Moscow, Warsaw and other cities are translated. Western readers will be able to keep abreast of the rapidly developing new trends in Eastern European history, as well as reading documents which add to our understanding of events in the Communist era. URL: http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/ZIMOS/forum/index.htm Editors: Nikolaus Lobkowicz, Leonid Luks und Alexei Rybakov, alexei.rybakov@ku-eichstaett.de Distribution: Zentralinstitut für Mittel- und Osteuropastudien (ZIMOS): Eichstätt, DE, http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/zimos   Jahrbuch für Europäische Geschichte Description: Die Zeitschrift bietet der Erforschung der europäischen Interaktionen und der geistig-sozialen Prozesse übergreifenden Charakters ein Forum, aber auch Studien zur Ausstrahlung Europas nach Außereuropa. Beziehungsgeschichtliche Arbeiten, die wenigstens bilateralen Charakter haben, sind ebenso willkommen wie Studien, die die Sicht eines Teils einer Nationalgeschichte von außen thematisieren. URL: http://www.ieg-mainz.de/ (unter Publikationen) Editors: Heinz Duchhardt, Wlodzimierz Borodziej, Peter Burke, Ferenc Glatz, Georg Kreis, Pierangelo Schiera, Winfried Schulze, schnettger@inst-euro-history.uni-mainz.de (Matthias Schnettger ) Distribution: Institut für Europäische Geschichte: Mainz, DE, http://www.ieg-mainz.de/   Jahrbuch für europäische Verwaltungsgeschichte (JEV); Yearbook of European Administrative History; Annuaire d'histoire administrative européenne; Annuario per la storia amministrativa europea Description: Since 1989 the Yearbook of European Administrative History has been published in cooperation with scholars from mainly Western Europe. The Yearbook covers public administration in Europe from the 17th to the 20th century. It is the only comparative and interdisciplinary periodical in this field of research. Each volume focuses on a special subject. The "Forum" section allows information and criticism. Articles are published in German, French, Italian or English. Summaries are in English. The Yearbook's target group embraces researchers in the field of public administration, as well as historians, jurists, political scientists, sociologists and economists. URL: http://www.uni-greifswald.de/%7Elo1/JEV.htm Editor: Erk Volkmar Heyen, lsheyen@uni-greifswald.de   Journal of Modern European History Description: The aim of the Journal of Modern European History (JMEH) is to overcome national boundaries thematically. Edited by historians from different countries, it is a response to advancing internationalisation, which is taking place in thinking and writing about history as much as anywhere else. The journal sees itself as a forum for historians all over the world who share a common interest in the history of Europe. URL: http://www.jmeh.beck.de Editors: Dietrich Beyrau, Wlodzimierz Borodziej, Philippe Burrin, José Harris, Ulrich Herbert, Manfred Hildermeier, Norman M. Naimark, Lutz Raphael, Paul-André Rosental, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Edoardo Tortarolo, Andreas Wirsching, osteuropa@uni-tuebingen.de   Transit. Europäische Revue Description: Transit deals with problems and themes which, through the connection and confrontation of western and eastern European experiences and perspectives, have become interesting (again). The name of the journal means, first, a crossing, a movement over and across boundaries. We regard this as our programme, and we do not mean only political boundaries: inner multiplicity and contradiction are just as much elements of the European idea as the exchange with other cultures. Transit sees itself as a European journal according to this open and never-concluded identity which lives from the transgression of its own mental horizons, from a curiosity about differences and the readiness for debate. Transit means, secondly, a precarious interim condition, a transitory place of rest. In view of the great problems of our time, we do not need the number magic of the turn of the millennium to grasp that we too, in the West, are living in a critical time of transition. URL: http://www.iwm.at/transit.htm Editors: Krzysztof Michalski, transit@iwm.at Distribution: Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen: Wien, AT, http://www.iwm.at   Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History (ZF/SCH) Description: "Studies in Contemporary History" is based on a broad understanding of "contemporary history", encompassing three separate, but overlapping time periods. Central problems of the first half of the century will be addressed to the extent that they are relevant for a historically grounded understanding of long-range issues (e.g. war-crimes, migration, and xenophobia). The central focus of the journal will nonetheless be the decades of German, European and global conflicts between 1945 and 1990, because they constitute the most important experiences of persons alive today. Beyond that we would also like to provide a forum for current history, since scholarly reflection on the most recent past does not have to begin with the release of previously closed files. Beset by new wars, international terrorism, the contraction of the welfare state and other threats, people have a great need for orientation, which is also one of the responsibilities of contemporary historical research. URL: http://www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/ Editors: Konrad H. Jarausch und Christoph Kleßmann in Verbindung mit Zeitgeschichte-online, kirsch@zeitgeschichte-online.de (Jan-Holger Kirsch, verantw. Redakteur) Distribution: Portal Zeitgeschichte-online, Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung: Potsdam, DE, http://www.zeitgeschichte-online.de   Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung (ZFO) Description: Die Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung (ZfO), von 1952 bis 1994 unter dem Titel "Zeitschrift für Ostforschung" erschienen, ist ein international anerkanntes und geschätztes wissenschaftliches Organ. Es dient als Forum für die Publikation und Diskussion neuester Ergebnisse der internationalen Geschichtsforschung und der historischen Kulturwissenschaften für die Länder des östlichen Mitteleuropa (Kerngebiet: Polen, Tschechien, Slowakei, Litauen, Lettland, Estland). URL: http://www.herder-institut.de/index.php?lang=de&id=1126 Editors: Wlodzimierz Borodziej, John Connelly, Stefan Hartmann, Winfried Irgang, Bernhart Jähnig, Eduard Mühle, Michael G. Müller, Gert von Pistohlkors, Thomas Wünsch, wauker@herder-institut.de (Marco Wauker, Mitarbeiter der Redaktion) Distribution: Herder-Instituts e.V.: Marburg, DE, http://www.herder-institut.de

Articles John Horne, War and conflict in contemporary European history, 1914–2004, in: Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, Online-Edition, 1 (2004), H. 3, URL:http://www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/16126041-Horne-3-2004 Abstract: Three processes provided a dynamic of violence that involved the whole continent of Europe in varying degrees. First, “total war” meant the escalation of violence applied to the entire population of enemy states. Second, “totalitarian” ideologies drew on the experience of war and sought to annihilate their own projected antagonists. Third, the tension between territory, peoples, and nation-states was resolved through ethnic violence. The worst episodes of violence, especially the Holocaust, combined all three processes. Democratic states were affected by the same violence but to a much lesser extent, due to inbuilt restraints. Determining whether this dynamic of violence was distinctively European or one dimension of a wider modernity means rethinking European history in a global historical context.

Networks The International Samizdat [Research] Association (ISRA) Description: The International Samizdat [Research] Association (ISRA) is an informal network of archives, museums, research centers and other institutions and individuals from all around world, who preserve, research, teach or study the samizdat phenomenon. ISRA concept was originated in 1994 by Open Society Archives and Memorial Foundation. Today its membership is open to institutions and individuals who are actively engaged in samizdat-related activities, and who are willing to collaborate in archival, research, publishing and educational projects. Distributor: Open Society Archives: Budapest, HU http://www.osa.ceu.hu/ URL: http://www.osa.ceu.hu/samizdat/   The RICHIE (Réseau International de jeunes Chercheurs en Histoire de l'Intgration Europenne/International Research Network of Young Historians of European Integration) Description: The RICHIE network aims to foster contacts between young researchers in European history. It is run by a team of young PhD students and academic. [...] As a result of the development of European integration and the enlargement of the European Union, many research centres in Europe and beyond have been created and propose new approaches to describe the historical background to this process. This great variety of new studies based on recently opened archives is undoubtedly stimulating, but it has also become more and more difficult to find one's way amidst an ever increasing literature in many languages. Whereas many research networks dealing with European Studies already exist in Political Science, Law and Economics, historians seem to have less opportunities to share information, confront their opinions and to get new perspectives on current research. That is why we believe that an international research network is essential. URL: http://www.europe-richie.org/ Editor: [Coordinator] Rücker, Katrin; Warlouzet, Laurent contact@europe-richie.org Distributor: Association Richie Réseau International de jeunes Chercheurs en Histoire de l'Intégration Européenne (RICHIE), FR

Instituts The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution Description: In Hungary, the efforts of what was to become the 1956 Institute go back as far as the early 1980s, when participants of the Revolution began to reconstruct and historicize the events of 1956. The history of the Revolution had been and to some extent still is obscured by the distortions, falsifications and obfuscations of the K d r regime. With the help of interviews, memoirs, discussions, and with what documents could be collected, these scholars have attempted to establish a genuine account of the events in Hungary in and around 1956. The Committee for Historical Justice was founded partly with the same purpose in the spring of 1988. The Oral History Archives was established in 1986 with the primary goal of recording as many interviews with figures of the Revolution as possible. URL: http://www.rev.hu/index_en.html Editor:[Director] Directorate: János Rainer M. rainer@helka.iif.hu; [Website editor] M. Topits Judit topitsj@helka.iif.hu   The Institute for Contemporary History, Prague Description: The subject of Czech contemporary history is that period during which Czech society was both the subject and object of the totalitarian ideologies and regimes that so tragically influenced the twentieth century, namely Nazism and Communism. The ongoing task of the institute is to diversify the perspectives from which we comprehend the past. After all, it is necessary to observe and study society in its totality and diversity, not merely the establishment and existence of undemocratic, totalitarian regimes. The fifty year era prior to 1989 was not simply a discontinuity with everything that occurred before, nor does there exist a discontinuity with later events. Here it is necessary to identify and research themes like minority relations, xenophobia, nationalism, the changing role of women in society, the role of culture, changes in lifestyle, globalization trends, etc. Such perspectives require interdisciplinary approaches other than the traditional archival research normally relied upon by historians. Particularly important is comparative history, which cannot be limited merely to Eastern Europe. In the context of time and space, Czech history after 1948 was neither a complete discontinuity with previous events, nor an isolated process. The time has also come to begin a systematic and well thought-out expansion into the period after 1989. URL: http://www.usd.cas.cz/usdeng/uce000.html Editor: [Director] Oldrich Tuma usd@usd.cas.cz   The Institute for Contemporary History, Ljubljana Description: The Institute of Contemporary History is the main scientific institution in Slovenia for the study of the recent and contemporary history of the Slovenes, from the middle of the 19th century onwards. It was established by the Slovene government in 1959 as an institute of the history of the workers' movement, and it received its current title in 1989. At the beginning the working agenda of the institution was circumscribed by the historical period in which it found itself: essentially it was intended to research the history of the workers' movement, of the incumbent Communist Party and of the building of Socialism, but already within the first decade since its foundation the research had extended beyond this narrow thematic field to embrace contemporary history in its entirety. To begin with the Institute comprised, along with the research department and library, the Museum of the National Liberation of Slovenia and the archive department with its comprehensive records from the last century of Slovene history. However, by 1962 the museum had already become independent (today it has been renamed the Museum of Contemporary History of Ljubljana), and in 1992 the archive department was combined with the archive of the Slovene republic. URL: http://www.inz.si/documents/english/index.html Editor: [Director] Jasna Fischer Jasna.Fischer@inz.si   The Romanian Institute for Recent History (Institutul Român de Istorie Recenta - IRIR) Description: IRIR was created to respond to the need for a dynamic history institute able to tackle sensitive and controversial issues in Romania's recent history, which is understood as the period from the year 1938 to the present. One can easily grasp that IRIR's research and scholarship concentrate on a difficult period that was marked by the two radical ideologies of the 20th century-fascism and communism, as well as by the tortuous post-1989 transition to democracy. URL: http://www.irir.ro/ Editor: [Director] Dragos Petrescu irir@euroweb.ro